Introduction
If you have found your way to this blog post the chances are you will be aware of British experiments in the 1920s and
30s with the Experimental Mechanised Force and the later Armoured Force. I
suspect far fewer will have heard of the Experimental 6th Infantry
Brigade which was formed in 1935 as an experiment in infantry reorganisation as part of the 2nd Infantry Division. Some of the lessons learned
certainly had an impact on British organisation and doctrine in 1940 and for
some time thereafter.
The Brigade was based near Camberley, Surrey at Dettingen
Barracks, Blackdown. At the time it was the Headquarters of the Royal Army
Ordnance Corps., and is now better known as Princess Royal Barracks, Deepcut,
the home of the Royal Logistic Corps.
Its commander was Brigadier H. M Wilson D.S.O., late of the
Rifle Brigade. In WW2 he was better known as “Jumbo” Wilson, serving as as General
Officer Commanding-in-Chief of British Troops in Egypt in 1939-41, GOC Middle
East Command in February 1943, and Supreme
Allied Commander in the Mediterranean in the closing stages of the war, from
January 1944. He retired as a Field Marshal.
The 2nd Division, the Brigade’s higher formation, was at the time commanded
by the then Major General Archibald Wavell. It was regarded as an elite division
to be used as a test bed for new ideas.
Composition of the Brigade
6th Brigade comprised Brigade Headquarters and Signal
Section, three rifle battalions and a machine gun battalion.
The three rifle battalions were:
◘ 2nd Battalion, The Royal Warwickshire
Regiment
◘ 2nd Battalion, the Duke of Cornwall’s Light Infantry
◘ 1st Battalion, The South
Staffordshire Regiment
The 1st Battalion of the Durham Light Infantry formed
the Machine Gun Battalion. If it seems odd now to convert a light infantry
battalion to the more static tasks of a machine gun battalion, this view was
shared by the Battalion itself at the time; however the Regimental Journal from January
1935 suggested that, having been selected, it was up to the Battalion to “infuse M.G. tactics with the light Infantry
spirit”. There is some evidence that
the 1st Battalion D.L.I. was something of a showcase battalion,
having already being chosen to trial the experimental 1932 infantry uniform
(with “deerstalker” hat), which with modification later evolved
into the 1939 battledress.
The Rifle Battalions
Each was to comprise:
◘ Battalion Headquarters
◘ Headquarters Company
◘ Four Rifle Companies
The War Establishment of a Rifle Battalion was to be 26
officers and 705 other ranks, and of a company 4 officers and 118 other ranks.
Sections were to fight at a strength of not more than one Corporal or L.Cpl.
and six men.
Each Rifle Company was to consist of four platoons, each of
three sections. All the men of every section were to be armed as riflemen, with
each section also having one light automatic weapon. This was to be the Z.G.B.
(original Czech precursor of the Bren gun), not the Lewis Gun. The Z.G. was a
Czech manufactured weapon and Z.G.B. was the designation for the version
produced for trials with the British Army.
The Headquarters Company in the Rifle Battalions included a
mortar platoon of four 3-inch mortars and an Anti-Aircraft Platoon with four
light automatics (Z.B.G.s?) on A.A. tripod mountings.
The establishment for Rifle Companies included an M.G.
(unspecified) on the OC’s
armoured carrier, and a Hotchkiss machine gun acting as a “token” for an
anti-tank rifle (the Boys Mk 1 first entered service in 1937).
This mention of “tokens” illustrates the point that not all
equipment specified in the establishment of the Brigade was in practice
available to it and that proxies were used. Certainly in the 1936 organisation
for the 1st DLI as M.G. Battalion Austin cars stood in for scout cars, Carden
Loyd carriers for armoured carriers, Hotchkiss guns as anti-tank rifles, and
Vickers guns as proxy anti-tank guns. The DLI Journal for April 1936 states
that “Unfortunately very little of
the new material will be available for these experiments and there will be a
good deal of improvision (sic) and use of “token” transport and weapons”.
Special features of
the new organisation (the experimental brigade) were to be:
◘ The use of wireless in brigade communications
◘ The mechanisation of all front line transport
◘ The substitution of Austin cars for officers’ chargers (horses)
◘ The concentration of all machine guns into one
battalion, the Machine Gun Battalion
◘ The inclusion of an Anti-tank company in the
Machine Gun Battalion
◘ The introduction of a new type of light machine
gun, the Z.G.B., in Rifle Battalions
◘ The arming of sections in Rifle Battalions so
that they could function either as Light Machine Gun Sections or as Rifle Sections
◘ In the Machine Gun Battalion, a Machine Gun
Company and an Anti-tank Platoon would each be self-contained, both tactically
and administratively, so they could be able when required to operate
independently of the Machine Gun Battalion or Anti-tank Company respectively
Mobility of the new
Brigade
The Brigade was not completely mechanised – i.e. not all personnel were carried
in some sort of motor vehicle.
The only completely mechanised sub-units were to be:
◘ Brigade Headquarters
◘ Brigade Signal Section
◘ The Anti-tank Company of the M.G. Battalion.
Except for officers, who all had Austin cars to replace the
horse, all the personnel of the M.G. and rifle companies would still walk.
It is would now only be necessary to lend lorries to the
Brigade to carry dismounted personnel to enable it, with all its weapons and A
and B echelon Transport, to increase its pace on the road from about 3 mph to
12 mph.
This accepted that tactically any increase in its speed could
still only be increased by:
◘ A higher standard of training
◘ A higher speed in reconnaissance (for which the
Austin cars might or might not prove suitable)
◘ Reducing the load on the soldier (which the
motor transport should facilitate)
◘ A higher degree of physical fitness
As my local regiment, the DLI and their role as an
experimental M.G. battalion is my personal interest in the Brigade, so I will
concentrate on this further below.
Now to concentrate on the M.G. Battalion:
This needs to be looked at in two phases, as In 1936 a new establishment
was introduced for the M.G. Battalion was introduced, which was very different
to the initial 1935 organisation.
Motor Transport of the MG Battalion
The vehicles shown on the War Establishment of the Machine
Gun Battalion at the start of 1935 comprised:
◘ 1 four seater car (Battalion HQ)
◘ 33 two seater Austin cars (Austin 7 Tourers) -
chiefly for officers
◘ Motorcycles –
signallers and AT coy
◘ 49 tractors with trailers (guns, M.G.s and ammunition)
◘ 16 lorries (cooks, greatcoats, petrol, fitters)
◘ 4 12 cwt vans (one per Anti-tank Platoon for
distribution of rations).
Of these the tractors could move at walking pace without
harm. The other vehicles could not.
To drive and maintain these vehicles and allow for a working
reserve of trained drivers required an establishment of 120 motor drivers in
the unit. This quota of M.T. Drivers were to be trained to drive and maintain
the establishment of motor vehicles, which the battalion hoped to receive in
June 1935
The types of vehicles with which the Battalion was to be
issued were not known, and in any case were likely to be the subject of
experiment.
On an exercise lasting ten hours in May 1935 the fully
mechanised M.G. Company covered no less than 160 miles.
Vickers Utility Tractor 1932 Personnel Carrier
The Machine Gun
Battalion (1st Battalion Durham Light Infantry)
Weapon
Training
◘ All ranks apart from the usual exemptions had to be trained in the use of the rifle.
◘ All ranks of the Machine Gun and Anti-tank Company had to be trained in the use of the machine gun. (This may suggest that the Anti-tank Company was pro tem equipped with M.G.s as proxies for their guns).
◘ All ranks of the Anti-tank Company would have to be trained in the use of the machine gun, once it is approved and issued (see note above).
◘ Many men of all ranks would have to be trained in the use of the revolver.
◘ No training would be carried out with the light machine gun in the Machine Gun Battalion. (The LMG was exclusively the province of the Rifle Battalions, in the same way as all Vickers Gun MMGs in the Brigade were concentrated in the M.G. battalion).
Some
points raised at the time for consideration
◘ The Machine Gun Battalion Commander automatically became Brigade Machine Gun Officer, but with powers of command over M.G. units – how would this affect his working with the Brigade Commander and Rifle Battalion Commanders, and what will his principal duties be?
◘ How would the Machine Gun Battalion be distributed for movement on roads? How and where would all the lorries and cars be moved which cannot go at infantry marching pace?
◘ Would the M.G. Battalion depend on Brigade Communications or its own? And by wireless, line, visual, motor despatch riders or cyclists?
◘ Would the Austin car satisfactorily replace the horse?
◘ How and under whose orders would the Anti-tank usually function? Would this be by a lorry with the gun mounted on it and carrying the team, or a number of small cars, be the best way of transporting an Anti-tank detachment?
◘ Would the mortars best be included in the Machine Gun Battalion, or as present in the Rifle Battalions?
◘ Should the Anti-tank Company form part of the Machine Gun Battalion? If not, where in the Brigade should the Anti-tank guns be placed?
◘ How would the new organisation affect Brigade tactics?
1936 reorganisation
Early in 1936 it was announced that the DLI had not been
selected to permanently become one of the fifteen permanent machine gun
battalions and therefore it would revert to being a rifle battalion after the
present (1936) training season. However this would involve it carrying
out further experiments as an M.G. unit, but on a new establishment and with
very different equipment and transport.
Types and manufacturers of vehicles
In 1936 it was expected that the Morris truck would be the
vehicle in general use and some were expected to be in service by April, with
at least as many as were needed to replace the utility tractors and Hillmans of
“A”
Company. As Hillman did not make trucks in the 1930s these would have been cars,
either the 16 or the 20. The Morris truck was almost certainly the new CS8 15
cwt platoon truck. The Noel Ayliffe-Jones article Infantry Vehicles of the
1930s in Airfix Magazine of September 1979 includes a photograph of 3 Utility
Tractors of B Company along with a Morris CS8 15 cwt platoon truck and 1936 photographs at Blackdown in the DLI Collection show Morris CS8s.
Scout
Company 1936
The main organisational change in 1936 was the inclusion of
a Scout Company in the Battalion through the conversion of C Company, under
Major J.E.S. Percy MC. It consisted of three platoons, each of three patrols.
Each patrol had two scout cars, each carrying a Bren gun, and has a motorcycle
for communication and control. This was a genuine Light Infantry role and so
drew some friendly jealousy from the other companies in the Battalion. (It is
interesting that the Bren is specifically mentioned here in April 1936, rather
than the ZGB. The Bren Mk 1 officially entered general service in 1937).
M.G.
Companies 1936
B Company (Capt. C.R. Battiscombe) and S Company (Major E.
Dryden M.C.) each had four platoons. Each platoon had two sections of two guns
each on an armoured carrier, with an additional Vickers gun on the platoon
commander’s armoured carrier. Each
company would therefore have twenty M.G.s all on armoured carriers.
The armoured carriers may have been intended to be the
Vickers Machine Gun Carriers, which were introduced in 1937. We know the
battalion received some Carden Loyd Mk Vis as proxies for armoured carriers
around April 1936.
The Vickers Utility Tractors were a stop gap, proxies in the
experimental brigade for the intended equipment of an operational brigade.
These may not have been entirely replaced by the Carden Loyds in 1936.
As Ayliffe-Jones points out, the Government bought 149
Tractors Light GS Mark 1 from Vickers between 1933 and 1936. They were powered
by a 52 hp Ford petrol engine and had a top speed of 20 mph on the road. The
combination of a very short wheelbase and narrow width made them unstable and
the cross country ride was uncomfortable. They were not armoured and provided
no protection for the machine gun and crew, either from the elements or from
hostile fire. However, they only cost the taxpayer £375 each and with no research and development costs, as
they had been designed as a commercial venture by Vickers. By comparison an Austin 7 at the time cost around £350.
The Machine Gun Carrier Mk 1 was derived from a Vickers
commercial project V.A.D50, which was intended to be able to fulfil the roles
of both machine gun carrier and tractor to tow a light field gun It was a
prototype vehicle with Horstmann-type suspension with a solid idler wheel and
two return rollers each side. There was an armoured box in the front which
enclosed driver and front machine-gunner, and a bench seat with folding back on
each side behind this compartment to carry the rest of the M.G unit or the field
gun crew. These seats were either side of the Ford V-8 engine which was
positioned centrally.
The M.G. Carrier version had stowage bins fitted on either
side of the armoured box for driver and machine gunner and the engine was
protected by steel plates mounted on a frame. This then became the M.G. Carrier
No.1 Mark 1, which abandoned the idea of carrying an independent machine gun
crew. The crew of the vehicle was reduced to three, dispensing with the folding
sides and adding a compartment for the third crew member on the left side of
the superstructure. A small batch (13) of these vehicles were built in mild
steel and these seem to be the vehicles which entered service with 1st
DLI in 1936.
The M.G. Carrier was the immediate precursor to the early
war Bren, Scout and Cavalry carriers, and with further development the
Universal Carrier later in the war. The first operational use of the carrier
was therefore in the experimental M.G. Battalion in 1936.
Anti-Tank
Company
The Anti-Tank Company (A Company, Capt. R.J. Appleby,
M.B.E.) was reduced to three platoons, but a more powerful gun was envisaged (2
pdr?). (this begs the question of how the Company was already equipped. They
might possibly have had either Oerlikon tracked 20mm guns, or Vickers M.G.s as
proxies, or even a mixture of both). Platoons were intended to consist of two
sections each of two guns under a sergeant, who would ride a motorcycle.
Durham County Records Office holds an extensive collection
of photographs relating to the DLI and a search of this collection using the term
Blackdown (which is how the Dettingen Barracks is referred to in the contemporary
records) turned up a number of photos of 1st Battalion at the time.
These included several of individual companies of the battalion drawn up with
all their transport. These of the anti-tank company show no anti-tank guns of
any sort which reinforces the suggestion that perhaps machine guns were used as
proxies.
Transport
and equipment
The DLI Journal of January 1935 stated that little of the
new material would be available for the 1935 experiments and therefore there
would be a good deal of improvisation and of “token” transport and weapons.
◘ Austins (Austin 7s?) are token scout vehicles
◘ Carden Loyds token armoured carriers (M.G.
carriers?)
◘ Hotchkiss guns token anti-tank rifles (one each
scout and M.G. platoon)
◘ Vickers guns token anti-tank guns
Nevertheless it was expected that the transport to be issued
would enable the whole battalion to be “off its
feet”. The Morris Truck (Morris
Commercial CS8?) would be the vehicle in general use.
CONTEMPORARY PRESS COVERAGE
The Experimental Infantry Brigade was covered
in the contemporary press in the period 1934-1936.
The reorganisation of 1934, resulting in
the establishment of the Experimental Infantry Brigade, was reported on 17 August
1934, for example in the Western Morning News and the Dundee Courier. These
reports were very similar, suggesting perhaps that they relied heavily on press
briefing by the War Office.
The Belfast Telegraph reported on 14 February
1935 on the introduction of the ZBG light machine gun and the motorisation of
the Machine Gun Battalion.
The Sunderland Echo reported on 23 December
1935 on reorganisation which included converting the Cavalry Division and Tank
Brigade into a mechanized Mobile Division; that all mechanized cavalry units
would eventually divided into three types – cavalry armoured car regiments,
motor cavalry regiments, and cavalry light tank regiments; and the conversion
of fifteen rifle battalions into Machine Gun Battalions
The Army Manoeuvres of 1935 and 1936 were
heavily reported, for example in the Scotsman, the Yorkshire Post and Leeds
Intelligencer, and the Western News. The role of the Experimental Infantry
Brigade and its MG Battalion were prominent. In 1936 Wavell’s 6th
Division provided the Westland forces and the use of 70 Sussex green buses to
represent the new RASC troop carrying companies was particular noted, including
the mobility provided but also the dangers of road congestion and the need to
reconnoitre routes.
Emerging Themes
The experimental brigade paved the way, among other things, for the introduction of the
Bren gun into rifle battalions, the conversion of new Machine Gun battalions
from existing infantry units, the introduction of the forerunners of the BEF
carriers (Bren, Cavalry, Scout) and increased mechanisation of the infantry.
In the same
way as with the experimental mechanised and armoured force it was marked
by the use of proxies for some equipment and materiel - e.g. the issue of
Carden Loyds to stand in as light tanks, and even sometimes trucks labelled “tank” on
exercises.
This didn’t get
in the way of experiments with organisation and tactics but would have limited
the Brigade’s operational effectiveness
if deployed in action.
This need for proxies was partly because the vehicles
required by the tactics of the new formation were simply not developed yet, but
also by the all-consuming pressure on the defence budget of the time. It would
also be a result of the experimental nature of the brigade, which should mean
it would throw up new requirements.
The 1936 reorganisation of the MG Battalion establishment
demonstrates that lessons were being learned and implemented, even within the
limited (two year) lifetime of the experiment.
Possible future avenues for exploration and research
Research into the experience of the three rifle battalions
in the Brigade in 1935 and 1936.
Sources
Durham Light Infantry Regimental Journal
January 1935
April 1936
October 1937
Durham County Records Office
Photographic records of 1st Battalion DLI.
Noel Ayliffe-Jones, Infantry Vehicles of the 1930s
Airfix Magazine, September 1979 - includes photos of B
Company in Tractors Light GS Mark 1 reproduced at the head of this post)
Faithful: The Story of the Durham Light Infantry
S. G. P. Ward
Reprinted naval and Military Press 2005
British Pathé
Tommy Tries It Out - Uniform Trial 1932
Army Exercise in Sussex 1936 - B Company 1st DLI with Tractors Light GS Mk 1
AFV 1919/40 British Armoured Fighting vehicles
Edited by Duncan Crow, Profile Publications 1970
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
With grateful thanks to:
◘ Peter Nelson, Lead Volunteer at the DLI
Collection
◘ The staff of Durham County Records Office
◘ Jim Hale
